At the same time, they can also benefit from the emerging demand and supply-side flexibility in the distribution grid. Ksenia Poplavskaya, Laurens de Vries, in Behind and Beyond the Meter, 2020 5.5.4 Local flexibility for the DSOĮuropean DSOs are particularly affected by the growing shares of small-scale RES at lower network levels. The feed-in management applications and those within the SINTEG projects developed market-based flexibility applications for DSOs require detailed knowledge about the grid state and reliable bidirectional communication to the DERs also in distribution grids. The initiated projects in this program address, among other things, the issue of flexibility products for the yellow phase in distribution grids in order to secure an increased share of renewable energy in the energy mix. The German government initiated the funding program “Smart Energy Showcases-Digital Agenda for the Energy Transition” (SINTEG) that aims to develop and demonstrate new approaches to safeguarding secure grid operations with high shares of intermittent power generation on the basis of wind and solar energy in five model regions. The discussion about the possible flexibility products for DSOs is still a work in progress, nationally and EU-wide. In the yellow phase, the DSO calls upon the flexibility offered by DER operators or their aggregators in that network segment in order to prevent a red phase situation. The yellow phase is entered if a potential bottleneck in a network segment of a distribution grid has been identified. The BDEW position paper defines a new yellow intermediate phase. In the red phase, there is a critical congestion and the grid operator overrules market participants by feed-in management. In the green phase, the energy market participants may act without restrictions. The BDEW model uses the logic of a traffic light as an analogy. The proposed traffic light concept describes a model for market participants and network operators to interact with one another in the future. New applications for flexibility management in distribution grids are, at the moment, a matter of discussion and research in context of the position paper “Smart Grid Traffic Light Concept” of the German Association of Energy and Water Industries.
Therefore, there is a demand for a new approach for bidirectional communication between small DERs and feed-in management systems. Implementation of bidirectional communication with small DERs, for example, household PVs, based on “classic” RTUs from substation automation is often too expensive. The usage of ripple control systems for feed-in management in distribution grids has the same shortcomings as in transmission grids. Mathias Uslar, in Application of Smart Grid Technologies, 2018 1.2 Role and applications of the distribution system operatorĭSOs implement feed-in management in the same manner and with similar technologies as TSOs. It is very important to have clear roles and responsibilities between the ISO/TSO and the DSO including the priorities of resource control by the respective entities. If the DER is connected directly to the higher voltage transmission system, then the ISO/TSO has priority over the DSO. We also envision that if the DER is connected to the low-voltage distribution system, then the DSO will get priority in controlling that resource.
The need for increased coordination and collaboration between the DSO and the ISO/TSO has been addressed in many reports. One possible way is that those retail products (DERs) can be aggregated and allowed to participate in a market exchange through a wholesale–retail interface with the bulk system.
Particularly, it is important to have a functional intersection between the wholesale transactions at the transmission system and the retail transactions at the distribution system. Ricardo Albarracín-Sánchez, in Distributed Generation Systems, 2017 8.5.1.8 Interface Between the Independent System Operator, Transmission System Operator, and Distribution System OperatorĪs the DSO will operate at the distribution level, there must be some kind of interaction between the DSO and the ISO/TSO.
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